Cultural enrichment Essay Example for Free

Social enhancement Essay Last February 17, 2009, I went to the ISU Juried Student Exhibition which was situated in the Center for Performing and Arts Gallery building. The attendant of the presentation was Mr. Ronald Leax, Halsey C. an Ives Professor of Art in Washington; University, St. Louis, MO. A large portion of the canvases that were being displayed represent magnificence and nature. I’ve saw that the vast majority of the individuals that were there during the hour of my visit seem uninterested with the craftsmanship that was encompassing them. They scarcely saw and acknowledged craftsmanship in its crude structure on the grounds that most were simply bustling eating and visiting. They for all intents and purposes didn’t comprehend why their educator sent them to the exhibition; I accept they just went there for the class attributes that they will get. In any case, they were likewise a rare sorts of people who realized what craftsmanship and magnificence was, they indicated their increase by applauding and examining the works in the display. Others were additionally caught up with having their photos taken adjacent to the wonderful artistic creations. Concerning myself, I was truly fascinated by the works and the experts behind those artworks. How I wished I could think of such craftsmanship pieces that to me appeared as though it was finished during the medieval times. It was additionally engaging to observe how a few works of art portrayed things about religion and governmental issues it shows that individuals are truly worried about the recent developments occurring and are even ready to communicate it through workmanship. It was likewise entrancing to watch the canvases that were traverse from authenticity to non-objectivism. Those sorts of works of art are the ones that engage the unaided eye absent a lot of thought incitement. Those works of art are the ones that grabbed my attention since it is unwinding and engaging to take a gander at them. Toward the day's end, I simply trust that more would figure out how to welcome the magnificence of workmanship instead of be excessively consumed from school or from work. They should see that workmanship is unwinding to the spirit and to the brain so individuals who are worried could go to craftsmanship displays to loosen up and to invigorate their spirits.

Thoughts Essay Research Paper Austgust It free essay sample

Thoughts Essay, Research Paper Austgust 18,2000, It is a brilliant summer forenoon. The Sun by one way or another seeps through the shut opposite blinds covering my window. At the point when I to the full recover my faculties from being dead to the universe for around 8 hours, I smell the olfactory property of breakfast being prepared. I should recognize that s something that I m non custom to, yet come to accept of it here at my male parent s house is at that place anythng that I m going to be Custom to. There was a clasp that I thought my male parent was the junk of the Earth. at the point when I was five mature ages old my grandmother used to state me things like, your dada is a dead round, or he is a hapless vindication for a grown-up male. Those announcements drove me to cuss anyone that would state me that I looked, acted, or smelled anyhere close to him. We will compose a custom article test on Contemplations Essay Research Paper Austgust It or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page My grandmother was a sweet old God dreading woman with much force throught the network. Anyname that should have been criticized offer it to her and she ll take consideration of the rest of. This clasp it was unique. on the other hand of adding feul to the fire, she struck the lucifer. My grandmother had a tendency to move off from her convictions, however every word that she would talk was the gopel truth in my eyes and ears. To this twenty-four hours I only think she was trying to secure me. At seven years old all thoughts of my male parent had been pushed to the dorsum burner. his name wasn T spoken in my family unit for roughly two mature ages. Well at any rate non around me. that was still okay with me. The less we discussed him the better. At this clasp I was go toing the third class at tomoka basic. I was a prodomitly white school, yet there were as yet a couple of dark understudies at that place. The vast majority of them were from singular parent places like me. Everything at this exceptional clasp in life had been voyaging good until I heard the teachers state, today we are heading out to form reports about our male guardians. It must hold only been me since when she said that, all the dark childs looked injury and befuddled. The white childs had no activity the task. Well I was heading out to be the strong one, Mrs. Rossi, imagine a scenario where wear T have a male parent. At that point she answered, everybody has a male parent Darian. You are only making a tri p to hold to ask your female parent, and any other person that knew him. That should hard no would it be a good idea for it to? I was non satified with the answer she just gave me so I stated, consider the possibility that I wear t privation to make one on my male parent. At that point she snapped back, you will or you will obtain a F for this task. Given the surcumstances I felt that was reasonable so I stated, well geuss I ll be gaining and F on this 1. I got a couple of giggles out of the class, however she wasn t chuckling. As an issue of actuality she sent me to the workplace for throbbing off. I went lief. Next to what were they going to make name my female parent. I m really certain she would be irritable about something I didn t privation to make since it included my male parent. Kid was I inaccurate. My mothe was boisterous to the point that everyone in the central office could hear her. The words out of her oral cavity were coming so quick I couldn t see half of them. All I recollect is, the point at which you return home you ain t goin no where cause you workin on that paper. That evening I got a duo of licks for hurting off at the teacher, yet I other than heard words that changed my entire mindset on life and what has happened up until this point. I revealed to her that I figured she would hold with assurance non to create the paper about my male parent. At that point she stated, for what reason would I make that your male parent was non an awful one. Only on the grounds that he wasn T here doesn t mean he wasn t helping. She disclosed to me that they had me at an extremely juvenile age, and the solitary thing he could make to keep up his caput above H2O was join the military. gracious that would explain why I safe house t seen or conversed with him, I said. At that point I asked her, shouldn't something be said about grandma and what she says about him? My female parent started to gain irate. I was accepting this was a terrible thing. Her voice began to raise, Your grandmother neer liked your male parent and wont ever like you father. She accepts that he took her darling off from her. Once in a while you got the opportunity to get over the realities and perceive what s done will be done, and you would t be able to go back and fix it. she began to yell, so I began to yell exorbitantly. Each since that twenty-four hours I ve made up my head neer to number anybody out. Since thing are non ever what they appear to be. With my adjustment of position I had the option to compose a type of relationship with my male parent. I am a superior grown-up male since what I think about my male parent and what I witness my female parent experience as an individual parent. On augut 17, 2000, I gave my female parent a little interference. I moved in with my male parent.

Primarily Obsessional OCD Symptoms and Treatments

Primarily Obsessional OCD Symptoms and Treatments OCD Types Print Primarily Obsessional OCD Symptoms and Treatments By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 29, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 29, 2019  Hoxton/Sam Edwards/Getty Images More in OCD Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Living With OCD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Pure O? Common Symptoms of OCD Symptoms of Pure O Common Treatments for Pure O Pure O vs. OCD View All Back To Top When many people think of obsessive-compulsive disorder, they focus on the obvious behaviors that are often a symptom of the disorder such as compulsive hand-washing, constant cleaning, repeated checking, or a need for symmetry. While these actions might be the most noticeable signs of OCD, it is important to understand that not all cases of the disorder are the same. Compulsions are only one aspect of this disorder, and it is the obsessional component that tends to be overlooked. In some cases, people experience these obsessions without engaging in the behavioral compulsions that are often considered a hallmark of OCD. This presentation of the disorder is sometimes referred to as pure O, also known as purely obsessional OCD or primarily cognitive obsessive-compulsive disorder.?? What Is Pure O? Pure O is a form of OCD marked by repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable thoughts (or obsessions) that are usually not accompanied by outward behavioral compulsions. While an individual experiencing pure O may not engage in obvious physical behaviors related to their intrusive thoughts, such as counting, arranging, or hand-washing, the disorder is instead accompanied by hidden mental rituals. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) itself involves having reoccurring and uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions). For example, a person with OCD might have uncontrollable thoughts about germs and cleanliness that result in an urge to repeatedly wash his or her hands over and over again. Pure O is sometimes mistakenly seen as a “less severe” form of OCD, yet those who experience symptoms of this disorder find that the characteristic intrusive thoughts can be very disruptive and distressing. While people who do not report engaging in compulsions are sometimes referred to as having pure O or purely obsessional disorder, this variant is not listed as a separate diagnosis in the DSM-5, the diagnostic manual used by many physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists. Common Symptoms of OCD People who experience purely obsessional form of this disorder experience a range of OCD symptoms, although the obvious compulsions are absent. According to the DSM-5, OCD is characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessions involve: Repeated intrusive images, thoughts, and impulses that create a great deal of distress.Making attempts to ignore, suppress, or neutralize the obsessive thoughts Obsessions can center on somatic, sexual, religious, or aggressive thoughts as well as concerns with things such as symmetry and contamination. Compulsions involve: Repetitive actions, either behavioral or mental, that a person feels compelled to perform as a result of obsessive thoughtsEngaging in actions intended to reduce distress related to the obsessions or preventing some dreaded event. In addition to experiencing obsessions and/or compulsions, the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria also stipulate that: The obsessive-compulsive symptoms must not be due to the physiological effects of a substance, such as a side effect of a medication or illicit drug. The symptoms must also not be due to the presence of some other medical condition.The obsessions and compulsions must be time-consuming, often taking more than one hour per day, or they must create significant distress or impairment in occupational, social, or other critical areas of life functioning.The symptoms must not be better attributable to another mental disorder such as generalized anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, substance-related disorders, or major depressive disorder. Symptoms of Pure O So, what is it about the purely obsessive variation of symptoms that causes some people to refer to this subset of symptoms as pure O? Two of the characteristic symptoms that are sometimes used to distinguish pure O include the following: The Presence of Mental Rituals Designed to Reduce Distress: Such rituals can include mentally reviewing memories or information, mentally repeating certain words, mentally un-doing or re-doing certain actions. Repeatedly Seeking Reassurance: This reassurance-seeking can be problematic because many patients may not even recognize it as a compulsion. Such reassurance-seeking may involve looking for self-assurance, researching online, avoiding anxiety-provoking objects or situations, and asking others for assurance. An added complication of this symptom is that family and friends may become fatigued or annoyed by these constant requests for reassurance, which may be perceived by others as neediness.?? Previous studies have suggested that there may be as many as three to six different symptoms subtypes of OCD, including the so-called pure O form of the disorder. First described by Baer in a 1994 article in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, pure O was described as being composed of sexual, aggressive, and religious obsessions that were not accompanied by compulsions. Later research suggested that the aggressive obsessions could be further divided into fears over impulsive harm and unintentional harm. Those thoughts centered on impulsive harm often focus on what is sometimes termed taboo thoughts related to sex, religion, and aggression. In a 2011 study, researchers found that individuals who experience the pure obsessions which are also sometimes described as taboo thoughts or unacceptable thoughts also engage in mental rituals or reassurance seeking as a way of managing their distress. Compulsions still exist in pure O, but they are much less obvious because they are almost entirely cognitive in nature. Common Treatments for Pure O Treatment for OCD, including pure O, often involves the use of medication in combination with psychotherapy, which may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, support groups, and psychological education. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Research suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be very effective at treating pure O OCD. However, it is essential that therapists and other mental health practitioners understand the necessity to also address the underlying mental rituals that characterize this subtype of symptoms.?? If the therapist believes that the patient only suffers from obsessions and does not also treat the mental rituals that accompany these cognitions, the treatment will not be as complete or effective. Medications Medications may include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine. Some side effects associated with the use of SSRIs include insomnia, anxiety, gastrointestinal upset, sexual side-effects, and sleepiness. One review of the research has suggested that approximately 40 to 60 percent of patients respond to treatment with SRIs with a 20 to 40 percent reduction in OCD symptoms. The specific treatment used, whether medication alone, psychotherapy alone, or some combination of the two, depends upon the individual needs of each patient. For example, CBT may be used alone in patients who are averse to taking medications or for whom there is some contraindication to the drugs. Medication might be prescribed alone for patients who have poor motivation for exposure-based treatments or who lack access to a CBT-trained mental health practitioner. Exposure and Response Prevention In one review, researchers looked at earlier studies to see if certain symptoms subtypes of OCD responded better to certain treatment approaches. They found that in the majority of studies, OCD characterized by religious and sexual obsessions in the absence of compulsions (i.e., pure o) was associated with a poor response to treatments using  SRIs and exposure and response prevention.?? Exposure and response prevention, also known as ERP therapy, is a form of cognitive-behavioral and exposure therapy. It involves a trained therapist helping a client approach a fear object without engaging in any compulsive behaviors. Clients intentionally expose themselves to the objects, images, situations, or thoughts that make them anxious or that are the subject of their obsessions but are prevented from engaging in the compulsive behavior that typically follows these events. The goal of such therapy is to help patients learn how to effectively manage their symptoms without having to resort to acting upon compulsions in order to relieve mental distress. Find Treatment With the Best Online Therapy Programs How Pure O Does Differs From OCD So, is pure O really a distinct form of OCD? What makes it different from the traditional diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder? While some studies have suggested there may be different symptoms subtypes of the disorder, one study has suggested that the term pure O may be something of a misnomer. While people who experience these obsessions without any obvious behavioral compulsions, they do still engage in unseen mental rituals. Why is it so important to note that these mental rituals still exist, even in the absence of behavioral rituals? Recognition of compulsions performed by those previously considered purely obsessional can aid in the improved diagnosis and treatment of people with OCD, explains researcher and clinical psychologist Monnica T. Williams and her colleagues in their article The Myth of the Pure Obsessional Type in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. By understanding that such mental rituals exist, therapists and other mental health professionals can ask patients about these symptoms. Without such questioning and prompting, patients may be reluctant to describe the symptoms that they are experiencing or may not even be aware that they should discuss these symptoms. A Word From Verywell Pure O may not involve the outward behaviors that often come to mind when people think of OCD. However, the hidden mental rituals that characterize the purely obsessional form of the disorder are a type of compulsion, even though they may go unseen. If you find yourself experiencing distressing obsessions and/or mental compulsions that are interfering with your life and daily functioning, consider talking to your doctor or a mental health professional. While these thoughts may seem disturbing at times, a trained expert can help you better understand your symptoms as well as the treatment options that may be available to you. Talking about your thoughts is not always easy, but taking this important step is the first part of getting the help you may need to find relief.

Primarily Obsessional OCD Symptoms and Treatments

Primarily Obsessional OCD Symptoms and Treatments OCD Types Print Primarily Obsessional OCD Symptoms and Treatments By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 29, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on November 29, 2019  Hoxton/Sam Edwards/Getty Images More in OCD Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Living With OCD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Pure O? Common Symptoms of OCD Symptoms of Pure O Common Treatments for Pure O Pure O vs. OCD View All Back To Top When many people think of obsessive-compulsive disorder, they focus on the obvious behaviors that are often a symptom of the disorder such as compulsive hand-washing, constant cleaning, repeated checking, or a need for symmetry. While these actions might be the most noticeable signs of OCD, it is important to understand that not all cases of the disorder are the same. Compulsions are only one aspect of this disorder, and it is the obsessional component that tends to be overlooked. In some cases, people experience these obsessions without engaging in the behavioral compulsions that are often considered a hallmark of OCD. This presentation of the disorder is sometimes referred to as pure O, also known as purely obsessional OCD or primarily cognitive obsessive-compulsive disorder.?? What Is Pure O? Pure O is a form of OCD marked by repeated, intrusive, and uncontrollable thoughts (or obsessions) that are usually not accompanied by outward behavioral compulsions. While an individual experiencing pure O may not engage in obvious physical behaviors related to their intrusive thoughts, such as counting, arranging, or hand-washing, the disorder is instead accompanied by hidden mental rituals. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) itself involves having reoccurring and uncontrollable thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions). For example, a person with OCD might have uncontrollable thoughts about germs and cleanliness that result in an urge to repeatedly wash his or her hands over and over again. Pure O is sometimes mistakenly seen as a “less severe” form of OCD, yet those who experience symptoms of this disorder find that the characteristic intrusive thoughts can be very disruptive and distressing. While people who do not report engaging in compulsions are sometimes referred to as having pure O or purely obsessional disorder, this variant is not listed as a separate diagnosis in the DSM-5, the diagnostic manual used by many physicians, psychiatrists, and psychologists. Common Symptoms of OCD People who experience purely obsessional form of this disorder experience a range of OCD symptoms, although the obvious compulsions are absent. According to the DSM-5, OCD is characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessions involve: Repeated intrusive images, thoughts, and impulses that create a great deal of distress.Making attempts to ignore, suppress, or neutralize the obsessive thoughts Obsessions can center on somatic, sexual, religious, or aggressive thoughts as well as concerns with things such as symmetry and contamination. Compulsions involve: Repetitive actions, either behavioral or mental, that a person feels compelled to perform as a result of obsessive thoughtsEngaging in actions intended to reduce distress related to the obsessions or preventing some dreaded event. In addition to experiencing obsessions and/or compulsions, the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria also stipulate that: The obsessive-compulsive symptoms must not be due to the physiological effects of a substance, such as a side effect of a medication or illicit drug. The symptoms must also not be due to the presence of some other medical condition.The obsessions and compulsions must be time-consuming, often taking more than one hour per day, or they must create significant distress or impairment in occupational, social, or other critical areas of life functioning.The symptoms must not be better attributable to another mental disorder such as generalized anxiety disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, substance-related disorders, or major depressive disorder. Symptoms of Pure O So, what is it about the purely obsessive variation of symptoms that causes some people to refer to this subset of symptoms as pure O? Two of the characteristic symptoms that are sometimes used to distinguish pure O include the following: The Presence of Mental Rituals Designed to Reduce Distress: Such rituals can include mentally reviewing memories or information, mentally repeating certain words, mentally un-doing or re-doing certain actions. Repeatedly Seeking Reassurance: This reassurance-seeking can be problematic because many patients may not even recognize it as a compulsion. Such reassurance-seeking may involve looking for self-assurance, researching online, avoiding anxiety-provoking objects or situations, and asking others for assurance. An added complication of this symptom is that family and friends may become fatigued or annoyed by these constant requests for reassurance, which may be perceived by others as neediness.?? Previous studies have suggested that there may be as many as three to six different symptoms subtypes of OCD, including the so-called pure O form of the disorder. First described by Baer in a 1994 article in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, pure O was described as being composed of sexual, aggressive, and religious obsessions that were not accompanied by compulsions. Later research suggested that the aggressive obsessions could be further divided into fears over impulsive harm and unintentional harm. Those thoughts centered on impulsive harm often focus on what is sometimes termed taboo thoughts related to sex, religion, and aggression. In a 2011 study, researchers found that individuals who experience the pure obsessions which are also sometimes described as taboo thoughts or unacceptable thoughts also engage in mental rituals or reassurance seeking as a way of managing their distress. Compulsions still exist in pure O, but they are much less obvious because they are almost entirely cognitive in nature. Common Treatments for Pure O Treatment for OCD, including pure O, often involves the use of medication in combination with psychotherapy, which may include cognitive-behavioral therapy, support groups, and psychological education. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Research suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be very effective at treating pure O OCD. However, it is essential that therapists and other mental health practitioners understand the necessity to also address the underlying mental rituals that characterize this subtype of symptoms.?? If the therapist believes that the patient only suffers from obsessions and does not also treat the mental rituals that accompany these cognitions, the treatment will not be as complete or effective. Medications Medications may include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or the tricyclic antidepressant clomipramine. Some side effects associated with the use of SSRIs include insomnia, anxiety, gastrointestinal upset, sexual side-effects, and sleepiness. One review of the research has suggested that approximately 40 to 60 percent of patients respond to treatment with SRIs with a 20 to 40 percent reduction in OCD symptoms. The specific treatment used, whether medication alone, psychotherapy alone, or some combination of the two, depends upon the individual needs of each patient. For example, CBT may be used alone in patients who are averse to taking medications or for whom there is some contraindication to the drugs. Medication might be prescribed alone for patients who have poor motivation for exposure-based treatments or who lack access to a CBT-trained mental health practitioner. Exposure and Response Prevention In one review, researchers looked at earlier studies to see if certain symptoms subtypes of OCD responded better to certain treatment approaches. They found that in the majority of studies, OCD characterized by religious and sexual obsessions in the absence of compulsions (i.e., pure o) was associated with a poor response to treatments using  SRIs and exposure and response prevention.?? Exposure and response prevention, also known as ERP therapy, is a form of cognitive-behavioral and exposure therapy. It involves a trained therapist helping a client approach a fear object without engaging in any compulsive behaviors. Clients intentionally expose themselves to the objects, images, situations, or thoughts that make them anxious or that are the subject of their obsessions but are prevented from engaging in the compulsive behavior that typically follows these events. The goal of such therapy is to help patients learn how to effectively manage their symptoms without having to resort to acting upon compulsions in order to relieve mental distress. Find Treatment With the Best Online Therapy Programs How Pure O Does Differs From OCD So, is pure O really a distinct form of OCD? What makes it different from the traditional diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder? While some studies have suggested there may be different symptoms subtypes of the disorder, one study has suggested that the term pure O may be something of a misnomer. While people who experience these obsessions without any obvious behavioral compulsions, they do still engage in unseen mental rituals. Why is it so important to note that these mental rituals still exist, even in the absence of behavioral rituals? Recognition of compulsions performed by those previously considered purely obsessional can aid in the improved diagnosis and treatment of people with OCD, explains researcher and clinical psychologist Monnica T. Williams and her colleagues in their article The Myth of the Pure Obsessional Type in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. By understanding that such mental rituals exist, therapists and other mental health professionals can ask patients about these symptoms. Without such questioning and prompting, patients may be reluctant to describe the symptoms that they are experiencing or may not even be aware that they should discuss these symptoms. A Word From Verywell Pure O may not involve the outward behaviors that often come to mind when people think of OCD. However, the hidden mental rituals that characterize the purely obsessional form of the disorder are a type of compulsion, even though they may go unseen. If you find yourself experiencing distressing obsessions and/or mental compulsions that are interfering with your life and daily functioning, consider talking to your doctor or a mental health professional. While these thoughts may seem disturbing at times, a trained expert can help you better understand your symptoms as well as the treatment options that may be available to you. Talking about your thoughts is not always easy, but taking this important step is the first part of getting the help you may need to find relief.

The Best Strategy Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2672 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The objectives of a business are to achieve growth, become profitable and to satisfy the customers needs. Many businesses have not optimally achieved this but Wimm-Bill-Dann has utilized their strategies in achieving a significant growth and this has been through mergers and acquisitions. Company overview Wimm-Bill -Dann is a Russian company that deals with dairy products, nectars, fruit juices and baby food. It is a market leader across the Russian territory with its bestsellers, J-7 juice and agusha baby food. Its market extends from Russia, former soviet republics and 10 other countries all with more than 280 million consumers. Wimm-Bill-Dann has 37 plants in Russia, Ukraine, Georgia and central Asia. The company mission is ensuring that families live a healthy life by enjoying the companys nutritious products each day throughout their entire lifespan. The company has several committees whose aim is to ensure that the companys objectives are achieved. These committees include audit committee, investment and strategic planning committee and personnel and compensation committee. The audit committees goals and objectives are to assist the board of directors in carrying their responsibility in matters concerning preparation of financial statements, ensuring that there is a n effective internal control, ensuring liaising and working with internal auditors and keeping with the requirements of legislative and normative acts. The audit committee may meet once per quarter fiscal year. The investment and strategic planning committee assists the directors in approving and carrying out its responsibility concerning mergers and acquisitions, strategic planning and investment programs. The committee meets not less than once in each quarter of a fiscal year. The personnel and compensation committee assist in the selection of the board of directors and help in the formulation and implementing of uniform personnel policy in all of its branches, personnel appraisal, training policy, dismissal of employees, remuneration and compensation policy and corporate ethics. The company is committed to the principles of transparency and corporate governance that is excellent. The corporate governance strength include high level of shareholder arrangement transpa rency, commitment to the practice of good corporate governance and the statement of the corporate governance code, being open to the investors where high level of financial and operational transparency is maintained and the presence of an effective and efficient oversight mechanism for the internal and external audit process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Best Strategy Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order Financial strategies The company has solid financial strategies which ensure that it maintains financial stability and growth as depicted by its results. One of the company strategies in raising finances to fund its ambitious objective of acquisitions is the placing of bonds. The recent placing of bonds by the company was on 15th march 2008 with Moscow inter-bank currency exchange and this attracted a large number of investors. This attraction of many investors shows the great trust investors have with the company. The company financial results show that it has been on the growth phase. The results are analysed quarterly from 3 months of 2007 to 3 months of 2008.This is shown in the table below. 3 Months of 2007 6months of 2007 9 months of 2007 Financial year 2007 3 months of 2008 Gross sales rose 40.1% year-on-year to US$542.8 million rose 40.5% year-on-year to US$1,142.8 million rose 40.4% year-on-year to US$1,758.3 million 38.4% growth to US$2,438.3 million rose 34.8% year-on-year to US$731.9 million Gross profit increased 53.3% with gross margins increasing to 32.0% from 29.3% increased 48.8% to US$377.8 million increased 43.4% to US$578.4 million increased 26.2% to US$219.5 million increased 26.2% to US$219.5 million Operating income income increased 73.1% to US$51.4 million rose 44.3% to US$108.4 million rose 30.2% to US$168.3 million rose 24.5% to US$214.0 million increased 23.2% to US$63.4 million net income increased 84.8% to US$32.1 million increased 40.8% to US$65.8 million rose 30.2% to US$168.3 million increased 29.0% to US$140.0 million EBTDA increased 58.8% to US$70.4 million, EBITDA margin1 increased to 13.0% from 11.4% increased 40.3% to US$147.2 million increased 30.9% to US$229.4 million increased 29.0% to US$90.7 million increased 29.0% to US$90.7 million Earning per Share grew to US$2.40 from US$1.50 grew to US$3.18 from US$2.17 increased 30.6% to US$41.9 million The company profit has been growing at a high rate and this shows that there is an increase in sales of the products of the company and hence the business has managed to achieve one of the objectives of becoming profitable. We also see that earning per share is on the increase and this proves that the capital base of the company is on an increasing trend and so the investors are reaping from their investment. Diversification and acquisition strategy of Wimm-Bill-Dann Diversification of products involves manufacture and the sale of different line of products. This is important in reducing risks in an organization as risks will be spread within different portfolios. In order to expand and get hold of its market, Wimm-Bill-Dann has effectively used the merger and acquisition strategy to expand its business. The company has different range of products from milk products, bottled water and different kind of juice which provide its customers with a wide choice of products to purchase. One of the greatest acquisitions by Wimm-Bill-Dann is the acquisition of 95% stake in Depsona ZAO which is a leading Tula based juice and concentrates plant worth 34 million USA dollars. After this acquisition, Wimm-Bill-Dann placed itself strategically as a major fruit juice and concentrate producer in central Russia. The acquisition has given Wimm-Bill-Dann a chance to access locally grown raw material hence minimizing production cost. Depsona products were under three brands which are Depsona, Fructopak and limbo. The factory is use to produce Wimm-Bill-Dann brands national brands and act as a distribution hub for them. On September 2006, Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods announced 100% acquisition of charter capital of Surgut city Dairy plant of Russia which was the largest milk processing plant in the region. The acquisition has enabled Wimm-Bill-Damm to be a leading company and to expand its market of Ural and Siberia. This acquisition has enabled the company to reduce the expenditure on logistics since there is reduced need for transporting products within different regions. Wimm-Bill-Dann now produces under its own brand at Surgut dairy. On September 2003, Will-Bill-Dann food announced the acquisition of an additional 47.7% of the equity capital of Ufamolagroprom hence increasing its total shareholding to 97%. Ufamolagroprom is the largest plant for the processing and production of dairy products in the republic of Bashkortostan. Originally the plant had a capacity of production of 240 tons of processed milk but now it has a capacity of 600 tons. The plant produce is sold under well-known Russian brands such as happy milk man, doctor Bifi and wonder. The brands distinct and attractive packaging gives it an upper hand in the market. In October 2007, Wimm-Bill-Dann acquired Georgian foods ltd which is based in Tbilisi, Georgia. This is in the companys strategy of growing its business by purchase of high performing companies with strong brand portfolio and having a large market size. Georgia food is one of the largest dairy producers in Georgia. This will enable the company to serve local demand of Georgia and supply the products to the adjacent market of Armenia and Azerbaijan. In September 2003, Wimm-Bill-Dann acquired Essentuki water production and bottling facilities. The company acquired OOOHealing spring which produces Essentuki brand mineral water and OOOGeyser, owner of Essentuki water wells. The transaction was worth 4 million US dollars. This resulted in the manufacturing facility of Wimm-Bill-Dann to be 24. Through this acquisition, the company has been able to provide its customer with highest quality goods as per its strategy in ensuring that the customer needs are satisfied. In 2006, Wimm-Bill-Dann announced the acquisition of Molka Company in Russias Irkutsk region, one of the largest companies that processes milk in eastern Siberia. The purchase of Molka allows Wimm-Bill-Dann to expand into the Siberian market. The companys presence in Irkutsk allows the company to reduce the expenditure incurred during the transportation of the products. Risk management strategy The company has several risks which it faces whilst in operation. Currency risk is one of the risks that the company faces as most of its sales are in Rubles, while bulk cost is in hard currency. Operational risks which occur when there is a disruption of raw material supply and increase in the price of raw milk. Competition risk is one of the biggest risk the company faces. The Russian economy is growing in two digit figure and due to this it has attracted the attention of both domestic and international competitors. International companies have offered the greatest challenge to the company because of their strong financial strength, they have well experienced, motivated and well learned human resource pool, strong management information system which include very modern management information system which is superior than those found in Wimm-Bill-Dann and marketing capability from these company that have a worldwide presence such as Coca-Cola company. There are several international companies which compete with WIMM-Bill-Dann, the top companies being Coca-Cola Company, Nestle and Danone. Coca cola is the largest soft drink company in the world. It owns four of the five world top brands which include Fanta, Coca-Cola, Sprite and Diet Coke. The company has worldwide recognition due to its high quality and uniformity in taste. It also has a very strong financial base and so it can easily expand to any territory in the world. Due to this, it has provided the greatest competition to soft drink segment of Wimm-Bill-Dann as most of the people have trust in its products. The company also has many franchise and high powered advertisements which are superior to wimm-bill-dann and hence offer a great competition. Nestle is the world largest food company in term of production and sales. It is also one of the largest bottled water makers, equipment for surgery and cosmetics. This company has a worldwide presence and its brands are highly respected around the world. The company has a strong financial background, good marketing strategies which provide it with a great opportunity to penetrate any market. This company has provided Wimm-Bill-Dann Company with big competition especially in the food manufacturing segment as it has penetrated Russian market Danone is one of the largest dairy food and water producers in the world. It is a world largest company producing cultured dairy products. This is the largest competitor to Wimm-Bill-Dann in the production of milk products as it has penetrated the Russian market. Human resource strategy The company has a well formulated human resources policy which ensures that the employees are highly motivated to ensure that they are productive. The company has formulated human resources strategy that is in line with those that directly deal with expanding through acquisition. The company has a policy which ensures that labour regulations are strictly followed and that all documents relating to labour law are maintained. The company ensures that the process of recruitment are fair and transparent in which there is no discrimination against sex ,age ,race or any prejudice against anyone. The company has a policy in which it ensures that employees are well compensated for their work and that they are offered good remuneration which will motivate them to perform well since people are an important entity in any organization. Staffing according to human resources strategy follows demand and supply of labour. The company has made several high level appointments recently. For example in Moscow may 12 2008,the company announced the appointment of Dmitry Ivanov as the chief financial officers who has 17 years of experience in financial field. Business strategy of Wimm-Bill-Dann The company has excellently utilized its business strategy in ensuring that it leads in the market in terms of business .Before merging, water business was run separately with its own finance and marketing departments, workforce and distribution network. Merging enabled the company to reduce the cost involved in administration, selling and distribution expenses. This will allow the company to enjoy the economies of scale in terms of transportation and distributorship. Also to reduce the overall cost, the dairy business was restructured so that all the transactions are directed from a central point where there is the overall management. In order to increase the output of milk, the company built a mega farm complex near St Petersberg. The farm has more than 1200 milking cows. Information system strategy The company has a modern information system strategy which ensures that work in the company is well organized and made easier. The company uses Oracle, a provider of enterprise software. This project covers all the key areas of the corporate activity which include marketing, finance, distribution, logistics and distribution at all of the companys enterprises in Russia. These processes assist in quick and effective management decision and ensure that they are successfully completed. New ERP system assists in the finance department especially in accounting reporting in both Russian standards and international standards. Marketing strategy The company has a well-developed market strategy which has enabled it to perform well in Russia. It has different brands and through this, it provides the consumer with a wide choice. Through vigorous advertisement, it has been able to capture the attention of many customers in Russia and other part of Russia. After acquisition of different companies, it has maintained the original brand names and packaging. This is important as it will maintain the old customer for the brands of the acquired company. Strategies that should be put to ensure that the company achieves further growth Marketing strategy Although the company has a solid marketing strategy but it has to put more effort in having access to the global market. It should put more effort in promotion of its products to other parts of the world that it has not accessed the market. It should explore potential market such as countries in Africa. The Company should borrow ideas from the strategies set by the Coca Cola Company. The company should also consider operating under franchise system in ensuring that its products are well distributed to the market. The company should increase the number and variety of products and through this, the company will provide its customer with a choice of products to choose from. The company should ensure that its branding and packaging are of high standard and should change with customers change in taste and fashion. The company should consider using marketing tools such as swot analysis in ensuring that it maintains its control of Russian market and as a mean to survive in an env ironment that has stiff competition. Information system strategy Although the company has an efficient management information system such as ERP accounting software, it should consider using more than one software when performing a given task. It should look for a way in which the systems are integrated. This is to ensure that efficiency is maintained and the work done is accurate. This will also ensure that fraud activities are minimized. Merger and acquisition strategy The company should maintain its strategy in merging and acquiring other companies. It should consider buying stakes in competing companies to reduce the effect of stiff competition from major multinational companies. For example it would be wise if they considered buying some stakes in the Coca Cola Company. Through this, it will borrow some ideas and skills concerning the businesses and hence improve on its performance. The company should acquire more companies in the markets in which it has not ventured. For example; it should buy companies in African countries such as those in South Africa. Human resources strategy It is people who make an organization to grow. To ensure that it has a rich pool of human resources, it should consider efficient training for workers to keep them updated on new skills so that the company can keep pace with other major multinational company in terms of human resources. The company should also increase the number of university fresh graduates who are undergoing management training. This is important in that it will gain new skills and different ideas from these graduates and this will assist the company in growth. Conclusion Will-Bill-Dann is a promising company with one of the best strategies. Its acquisition strategy has made the company to have good reputation and respect. Through its hardwork and well thought policies, the company is fast growing into one of the largest multinational companies. Through this, the company acts as a role model for other companies to emulate it.

Ozone Depletion - 1354 Words

â€Å"â€Å"It’s absolutely stupid that we live without an ozone layer. We have men, we’ve got rickets, we’ve got rockets, we’ve got saran wrap – FIX IT†Ã¢â‚¬ , said Lewis Black, a comedian. If only it were that easy. However the ozone continues to be depleted because of deforestation. To understand this topic, one must understand what the ozone and deforestation are. The ozone should be protected at any cost. If we fail to protect our ozone, the earth will become one big frozen and lifeless ball. First and foremost, to understand the ozone one must understand deforestation and the ozone layer. The removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a no forest use is known as deforestation. Removing trees without an†¦show more content†¦More than forty percent of logged trees are used for paper. Two to four tons of trees are brought to the mill with old-growth trees supplying nine percent of that fiber for every ton of paper. Paper making requires enormous amounts of chemicals. One of the largest tribulations with stopping this destruction of the rainforest is that it is not being done by just one group of people. Its not just the loggers demanding to make a buck off lumber. They take wood well thought-out to be superior in other countries and ship them. Replanting is not always an option they can take, though some have grand dreams about shipping other woods and replanting better to save the stock. Without replanting, the trees become rarer and rarer until they are impracticable to stumble on. If that day arrives, we will all be in danger and will also result in what is called ozone depletion. The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down by the sun. If the ozone layer is depleted by human action, the effects on the planet could be catastrophic.Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related observations. One is a slow, steady decline of about four percent per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earths stratosphere since the late 1970s. The other is a much larger, but seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earths Polar Regions during the same period. Only a few factors combine to create theShow MoreRelatedOzone Depletion739 Words   |  3 PagesThe ozone layer is a specific area in the stratosphere of maximum ozone concentration. Ozone in the stratosphere forms naturally and protects us from damage that can be caused by solar radiation such as skin cancer. In the 1970s chemists discovered that certain chemicals could travel into the upper atmosphere and damage the protective ozone. Ever since this was discovered scientists, governm ent, and citizens have been making efforts to control and reverse the damage done to the ozone. In 1987 a treatyRead MoreThe Depletion Of The Ozone Layer1593 Words   |  7 Pagesour world that all humans, no matter where or how they live depend on, water and air. Both are essential for life but air also protects all of us and it is therefore understandable that the response to the depletion of the ozone layer became international. This essay will look at what the ozone layer is, why it was depleting, how the international response to this situation developed and what this collaboration means for our future. The envelope of gases surrounding the earth is called the atmosphereRead MoreOzone Depletion Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesThe last problem you would think of is the depletion of the ozone layer. However, it could be the most serious problem we are facing today. The ozone is a layer of gas that forms a protective covering in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. This layer of gas is slowly diminishing each day, and causes a great concern to our safety. There are many reasons why this depletion is occurring, and chemistry is playing a huge role into helping solve this problem. Ozone composed of three oxygen atoms is an extremelyRead More Ozone Depletion Essay796 Words   |  4 Pages Ozone Depletion nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In this world of rapid change, its extremely difficult for a company to stay ahead of the game even using all the resources available to them. So, its difficult to imagine the problems they would run into when a group of environmentalists decide to boycott a substance which is the foundation of their company. These chemicals, although very useful, cause consequences that need to be dealt with now in order to prevent further damage. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;TheRead MoreOzone Layer Depletion4985 Words   |  20 PagesISSUES AND CONCERNS ABOUT THE OZONE LAYER DEPLETION INTRODUCTION The ozone layer protects the Earth from the ultraviolet rays sent down by the sun.   If the ozone layer is depleted by human action, the effects on the planet could be catastrophic. In recent years, the ozone layer has been the subject of much discussion.   And rightly so, because the ozone layer protects both plant and animal life on the planet. The atmosphere is divided into five layers:   the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphereRead MoreOzone Depletion Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesenvironmental health issues, ozone layer destruction, global warming, land degradation, resource degradation, toxins and wastes. During the 21st century, the media have been upbeat about information regarding the destruction of the environment. Of major concern are the effects of human activities in destroying the ozone layer (Ryding 170). The ozone layer is a thick layer of air covering the earth. It is located in the stratosphere 10 to 15 kilometers above the earth. The ozone layer consists of two layersRead MoreThe Effects of Ozone Depletion Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesThe ozone layer is a deep layer in the Earth’s stratosphere that has an altitude of about 6.2 miles and contains a high concentration of ozone molecules. The ozone layer shields the entire Earth from some of the harmful ultraviolet rays that come from the sun. The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of several layers, but the layer that we live in - the â€Å"troposphere† – is where most weather occurs. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere which is where most of the effects caused by ozone holes andRead More Essay on Ozone Depletion and the Environment1505 Words   |  7 PagesOzone Depletion and the Environment      Ã‚   There is overwhelming scientific evidence that man-made chemicals are destroying the ozone layer -- Nobel prizes have already been awarded for the research. Rush Limbaugh argues that humans are safe, because volcanic chlorine has been working on the ozone layer longer than man-made chlorine, and yet were still here. But this argument is false. Volcanic chlorine is water soluble, and rained harmlessly out of the atmosphere. Human CFCs are insoluble,Read More Global Effects of Ozone Depletion Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Effects of Ozone Depletion Ozone depletion in the earth’s atmosphere is under constant scrutiny by the American press and people. Perhaps the concern is warranted; the ozone layer protects life on earth by absorbing 97-99% of the damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006). Over the past twenty years, the stratospheric ozone has decreased approximately 3% per decade. Possible concerns have been raised about loss of polar caps, DNA damageRead MoreEssay on Ozone Depletion1230 Words   |  5 PagesOzone Depletion Atmospheric ozone layer depletion is a serious problem currently facing the world. The ozone layer protects humans, animals, and plants from harmful ultraviolet rays. Money and time are being spent on ozone repair, but the problem still exists. The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere containing ozone, or O3 gas. The ozone layer is essential to both plant and animal life on earth because it protects the surface from dangerous ultraviolet light. However, industrial

Deterioration in the Lord of the Flies Essay - 597 Words

When the boys first arrived at the island they were all nice little British school boys that followed the rules, but then quickly deteriorated into malicious killing savages. There are three examples of symbols that illustrate deterioration in the book The Lord of The Flies by William Golding. The examples are: when the conch breaks, when the fire burns down the forest, and when Jack kills the first pig. The first symbol that illustrates deterioration is when the conch breaks. The conch breaks when Roger rolls a rock down the hill at Castle Rock and it crushes the conch into thousands of pieces and it throws Piggy down the cliff. This illustrates deterioration because without the conch nobody will follow and listen to the rules. The†¦show more content†¦The final symbol that illustrates deterioration is when Jack kills the pig. When Jack kills his first pig, it shows the evil and cruel side of Jack. This illustrates deterioration because if Jack and the choir wasn‘t busy trying to kill the pig, they probably would of got saved by the ship that passed by. The first time Jack killed the pig, he was cheerful and overjoyed that he wanted to keep killing, Jack no longer listened to the rules because he was to busy hunting. Jack and the boys were so exciting that they kept on chanting Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Spill her blood (75). Killing the pig was a symbol that illus trated deterioration because that was the turning point, after killing the first pig all the savages wanted to do was hunt and kill, they could of got saved when they saw the ship but the choir didnt keep the fire going because they were to busy killing the pig. There are many examples that illustrate deterioration in the book Lord of the Flies by William Golding. Breaking the conch, burning the forest down and killing the pig were the best examples that illustrated deterioration. Those were the symbols that turned nice, little school boys into mean killingShow MoreRelatedThe Theme of Lord of the Flies Essay930 Words   |  4 Pagesknew it deteriorates. Lord of the Flies is influenced by the authors life and experiences. Goldings outlook on life changes, due to his heavy involvement in W.W.II, to his current philosophy that quot;The shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual, and not on any political system however apparently logical or respectablequot; (Baker, 1965). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The major theme that Golding develops in Lord of the Flies is the deterioration of rules and order inRead MoreLord of the Flies: The Beast Within Us All878 Words   |  4 Pageseven the best of people can be bitter by their own nature. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, William Golding removes the restraints of society to prove that it is human nature to live primitively and that evil lies within all of us. The sanctions of society begin to deteriorate due to the loss of communication, Jack’s obsession with hunting, and the inhumane nature of Jack and his â€Å"tribe†. In the novel, Lord of the Flies, the civilization weakens due to a meeting breaking down to complete chaosRead MoreHow Do William Golding and Williams Shakespeare Present Disturbed Characters?1268 Words   |  6 PagesHow do William Golding and William Shakespeare present disturbed characters? In Lord of the Flies Golding presents disturbed characters as savage and blood-thirsty. After his own experience in world war two, he seems to believe everybody has a savage personality and thriving which is brought out through an extreme situation. Golding uses the technique of evoking emotion from the reader through the use of innocent children committing unthinkable actions. He conveys his views through the ever growingRead MoreSymbolic Objects that Reflect of World War II in William Goling ´s Lord of the Flies779 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Golding wrote the novel Lord of the Flies to draw attention to the chaos in society during the Second World War. Throughout the novel, there is a large amount of symbolism that gives the readers a better understanding of his ideas and concepts. There are many symbolic objects in the Lord of the Flies that help to expand his perception of the Second World War and his theme of there being a little bit of evil and savagery in everyone. Three of the most important symbolic objects are Piggy’sRead MoreLord Of The Flies By William Golding1212 Words   |  5 Pagesisland in the middle of nowhere—pretty scary right? Well this is just what happens in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. This piece of literature is used by the author to describe the very real society of human beings, through the eyes of young, â€Å"innocent† children. There is savagery, evil, goodness at heart, and the sense of hope, whether being lost or discovered, in this book. In Lord of the Flies, there are multiple different symbols that Golding uses to show the fall of society. Two of them beingRead MoreAnalysis Of Lord Of The Flies And Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1208 Words   |  5 Pagesit. The novels, Lord of The Flies by William Golding and The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, demonstrate this prospect as through the narrative techniques of characterisation, plot, setting and style, they exemplify the moral decline of man under pressure to survive, ultimately resulting in savagery. Characterisation plays a major role in both texts as each character serves as a representation humanity and the faults within it. Throughout Lord of the Flies there is a developingRead MoreCivility In Lord Of The Flies Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesIn the Lord of the Flies Golding shows us the biggest threat to humanity is humanity itself and the absence of civilization causes a quick descent into chaos. A group of boys stranded on a remote island come face to face with the beast within. In the story there are characters that represent the different egos; there’s Piggy the good-doer, Jack- humanity if left unchecked, Ralph- the good results of limited power, Roger- the corruption, and Simon-the level headed. Free from the organization and rulesRead MoreEssay on Lord Of The Flies - Setting680 Words   |  3 Pages In the novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding the setting had a very strong influence in the actions and attitudes of the characters. Setting is the defined in literature as where the story takes place. In Lord of the Flies, the setting is on a deserted tropical island in the middle of the ocean, where a microcosm is able to be established. Three specific examples of how setting influenced the actions and attitudes of the characters are: The isolation from a civilized world, the mysteriesRead MoreLord of the Flies Nature of Man1726 Words   |  7 PagesLord of the Flies: The Nature of Man William Golding’s Lord of the Flies is a gritty allegory of adolescence, innocence, and the unspoken side of human nature. Countless social issues are portrayed, however one of the most reoccurring is the nature of man. Throughout the novel there is an ever-present focus on the loss of innocence amongst the boys, shown by the deterioration of social skills and their retrogression into a barbaric form of society. Also portrayed is the juxtaposition of a cruelRead More A Primitive Civilization In A Failed Utopia Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagesthis novel symbolism is used to show how the boys change their outlook on their primitive society and rules. They are used in the novel Lord of the Flies to show the deterioration and destruction of the boys society and rules. The conch, the glasses and the masks all have a greater meaning in the novel. The conch is used throughout the novel Lord of the Flies to symbolize law and order of the adult world which the boys try to recreate. The conch. I got the right to speak. (p 45,Piggy) this was

Effects of Service Quality Dimensions

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Service Quality Dimensions. Answer: Introduction In this study, the importance of hospitality and tourism industry will be discussed on Qantas Airways Australia that comes under the tourism industry. The hospitality and tourism sector is the one that provides enjoyment to the people and provide them satisfaction. Hospitality is something which is very royal and luxurious in nature. Hospitality and tourism industry comprises of different services like travelling, food and beverages, accommodation, entertainment sectors, and recreation. There is a boom in the airlines industry. In this study, the company on which the discussion takes place is Qantas Airways Australia. It is one of the finest airlines in not only Australia but also in the entire world. It provides full range of flights, charted planes, different classes like economy, business, etc. that re so luxurious for the travelers, vacations, tourists, etc. The discussion will be made on the marketing analysis and strategies of this airline industry of Australia. The Qantas Airways Australia is the 3rd largest airline industry of the world. It provides best services to its customers and accomplishes all goals that are related to the customers. They have particular strategies and policies to attract a huge amount of customers in their organization. The services provided by this company are also very unique that is liked by royalty of people. They use updated technology to set the competitive advantage (Jennings, 2001). Sector of organization Qantas Airways The sector of this organization is tourism operation sector that is one of the most growing sector of todays world. As the demand for the transport in increasing, the development and growth is taking place in the same. It contributes to a large part of economic sectors. Qantas Airways Australia is also belongs to transport sector. There is an intensive necessity of infrastructure in transport sector due to which it is a vital part of economic growth and development. Qantas airways are more in the global economy in which the opportunities have been rising related to the mobility of goods, people, and also the information, (Benckendorff, 2009). The transport sector for Qantas Airways Australia is tourism sector which is one of the most prominent and developing sector not only of Australia but also of many other countries. It has also contributed in the development of transport sector and provides huge employement opportunities for the individuals of Australia. The number of employees working with Qantas airways is approx 35,000. It provides fight services in approx 42 nations and 173 destinations (Fuglestvedt, et.al. 2008). The transport sector of Australia covers a huge variety of many activities including airline services, aircraft, charted planes, etc. It also maintains the GDP of the country by expanding the business activities takes place in the country. It is a key driver for the economy of Australia. The transport sector contributes approx 66.1 per cent of its total gross domestic added to the growth of the country by development of infrastructure, fulfillment of requirement, economic growth, etc. The airlines indust ry of Australia like Qantas airways contributes to earn the foreign direct investment for the country (Getz, 2008). Products, services and offers of Qantas Airways Australia Airbus A 333-200 Airbus A 330-300 Airbus A 380-800 Boeing 737-800 Boeing 747-400 Boeing 747-400 ER Boeing 787-9 On August 2015, Qantas Airways Australia have many of its subsidiary 299 aircrafts in which 70 aircrafts are of Jetstar airways, 81 aircrafts are of Qantas Airways Australia link brands airlines, 8 aircrafts by the jet connect, 13 aircrafts by network aviation, and 5 aircrafts by express freighters Australia (Qantas, 2016). They provide unique services to its customers to have a competitive advantage. One of the most unique services is "retro roo" liveries in which the theme is retro livery based on the airways and the colors are according to the 1970s. The icon was used is of flying kangaroo on the tail of the airlines. Many other were decorated as promotional liveries in which the telecommunication was communicated and promoted in which Disney motions pictures are drawn on the planes (Myung, McClaren, and Li, 2012). In order to provide entertainment to the passengers, there are entertainment systems installed in the aircrafts. This experience is termed as on: Q: this entertainment is basically provided through videos and songs hat is audio and video entertainment. There are cabins in the flights to give passengers a different experience. There are first class cabins in which suites are provided. It has various facilities like moving seats, dining, sleeping, widescreen HD monitors, USB ports, flat bed seats, etc. (Kotler, 2006). Target market of Qantas Airways Australia The target market is a market where the probability to have more customers increase for the airlines company. It is a segment of total customers that are divided into a particular group and the concentration of the company is on that segmented group. In this, the process of the marketing is specified according to a particular group of customers. for example in Qantas Airways Australia that is a hospitality and tourism sector have different types of business like airlines, food and beverages services, leisure, family holidays, etc. that come the same place. The target market for Qantas Airways Australia is tourists and travelers of each and every category/. This company tries to fulfill the demands and desires of all the travelers through diversified products and service range. They make sure that the customers will remain satisfied with the services and products provided by them (Jennings, 2001). Some methods that guide Qantas Airways to reach to its target audience The Qantas Airways Australia use Ansoff matrix to decide the products and services that can help to enhance the market and customers. The promotional strategies used by Qantas airways through TV, radio, internet advertising, magazines, brochures, and billboards, etc. (Sanchez, et.al, 2007). The strategies are framed after the proper identification and analysis of needs and wants of the target markets and the potential customers. This model helps in analyzing the growth and development that depends on the existing and new products launched by the company. According to the market segment and position, Qantas Airways Australia frames the plans and strategies at very reasonable and competitive prices. In this way, this organization attracts a large group of travelers (Kayaman, and Arasli, 2007). References Benckendorff, P., 2009. Themes and trends in Australian and New Zealand tourism research: A social network analysis of citations in two leading journals (19942007). Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 16(1), pp.1-15. Fuglestvedt, J., Berntsen, T., Myhre, G., Rypdal, K. and Skeie, R.B., 2008. Climate forcing from the transport sectors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(2), pp.454-458. Getz, D., 2008. Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism management, 29(3), pp.403-428. Jennings, G., 2001. Tourism research. John Wiley and sons Australia, Ltd. Kayaman, R. and Arasli, H., 2007. Customer based brand equity: evidence from the hotel industry. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17(1), pp.92-109. Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T., Makens, J.C., Xie, Y. and Liang, C., 2006. Marketing for hospitality and tourism (Vol. 893). New Jersey: Prentice hall. Myung, E., McClaren, A. and Li, L., 2012. Environmentally related research in scholarly hospitality journals: Current status and future opportunities. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(4), pp.1264-1275. Qantas, 2016. About Qantas, [Online], Accessed on: 11 January 2017, Available at: https://www.qantas.com/travel/airlines/about-qantas/global/en Sanchez Perez, M., Carlos Gazquez Abad, J., Maria Marin Carrillo, G., Sanchez Fernandez, R. (2007). Effects of service quality dimensions on behavioural purchase intentions: A study in public-sector transport. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 17(2), 134-151. Yoo, M., Lee, S. and Bai, B., 2011. Hospitality marketing research from 2000 to 2009: topics, methods, and trends. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(4), pp.517-532.

Modern Organizations Towards Understanding how They Cope with Fast Information Turnover

Physical Theatre Essays

Physical Theatre Essays Physical Theatre Essay Physical Theatre Essay Physical Theatre History: * Physical theatre is a catch-all term to describe any performance that pursues storytelling through primary physical means * The term â€Å"physical theatre† has been applied to performances consisting mainly of: 1. Mime 2. Contemporary dance 3. Theatrical clowning and other physical comedy 4. Some forms of puppetry 5. Theatrical acrobatics * Modern physical theatre has grown from a variety of origins.Mime and theatrical clowning schools such as L’Ecole Jacques Lecoq Paris, have had a big influence on many modern expressions of Physical Theatre. * Another tradition started with the very famous French master  Etienne Decroux  (father of  corporeal mime). Decrouxs aim was to create a theatre based on the physicality of the actor allowing the creation of a more  metaphorical theatre. This tradition has grown and corporeal mime is now taught in many major theatrical schools. Legacy: Physical theatre had become such a big phenomenon today, being shown in movie such as â€Å"Stomp the Yard† and â€Å"Step Up† as well as huge worldwide productions such as â€Å"Wicked†, â€Å"Cirque de Solei† and â€Å"Hairspray† * We are the building block of the movement of physical theatre.Techniques: * Important theatre directions such as Vsevolod Meyerhold,  Jerzy Grotowski,  Eugenio Barba,  Ariane Mnouchkine  and  Tadashi Suzuki  all explored and developed a variety of intense training techniques for their actors, that were intended to liberate actors and audiences from boring and unstimulating performances. They argued that a performing body should be an instrument of expression that has unique rhythms and patterns that must be amplified, developed and mastered before a performance can be viewed as effective. * They also advocated a variety of training regimes and exercises to develop what they believed were important connections between the communication of physical and emotional tr uth in actors and many of their suggestions have been taken up by acting schools in a number of countries.

Leadership & Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Leadership & Ethics - Essay Example Gandhi experimented by majoring on the weakest points of humanity. This problem on belief of the soul could not work. According to Gandhi, he could not explain his weaknesses to draw an answer from the likes of Lord Wavell or Hitler (Jagdeep S. et al, pp 979). Another weakness of Gandhi was evident between him and Kasturbai the wife. Gandhi forced his wife to do what opposed her internalized values. Gandhi portrayed the same coercion in relating to his children. This at times made Gandhi to oppose his notion of being non-violent. As women had been longed nurtured with role to embrace self sacrifice this element of being nonviolent proved violent. Gandhi possessed an element of repression and authoritarian. Gandhi never spoke to his son as he choose a different religion and went against his believes. Furthermore, Gandhi fell in love with her secretary and hence forcing her to fast and shave off. This was a sign of weakness. From this point of view there is no sense in being sexually attracted to one another if there exist violence and hang

Cable Wars, Fox News vs MSNBC Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cable Wars, Fox News vs MSNBC - Term Paper Example There are actually facts and history of how media reportage influenced several nationwide actions and decisions, including the infamous civil war in Rwanda, which was believed to have started as an aftermath of a journalist’s submission on air (Schudson, 2002). In the United States and other advanced countries, the kind of media attention and hype given to politicians have said to go a long way in affecting their political carries greatly. A very popular example can be cited with the role the media played in the election of the first Black person to the position of the president of the United States of America, in the person of Barack Obama. Because of the increasingly noticeable influence of the media, there seem to be a continuous urge among most media houses to be the most noted and post popular when it comes to who has the highest following and thus most influential impact on society. This has created what has come to be known as the cable war. History of Cable News In the United States, Cable news refers to television stations that are dedicated purposely for news broadcast (Shen, 2009). Not until the 1980s, not much was known of media houses in the popularization of news broadcast as a full time journalistic business. But from the early 1980s, the pace set by early television stations that became predominantly focused on news broadcast such as Cable News Network (CNN), brought about the term in its most used sense. With time, there became a more centralized approach to cable news when some television stations started narrowing their focus or definition of news. This means that instead of focusing on news as a general term, there became cable news stations that would look into issues like only business or sports as their specialized area of news broadcast (Sparks, 2007). Apart from CNN, which came in 1980, other equally reputable cable news stations or networks followed such as Financial News Network, which came about in 1981, CNN2 in 1982, and CNBC , which was formed in 1989. It was later that other names suffered, that also came to be considered as powerhouses in cable news stations such as Fox News Channel, MSNBC and ESPNews. Among those who would later come to undertake centralized cable news services were Fox Business Network and Bloomberg Television, which focused predominantly on finance, ESPN, which focused on sports, and The Weather Channel, which does weather news. Today, hardly can anyone talk of cable news without mentioning Al Jazeera America. If the history of the development of cable news is anything to go by, one would say that there remains a bright and competitive future for the industry with more faces to surface with time (Ness, 2006). The Concept of Cable War According to media professor Lance Strate, the issue of cable war between Fox News and MSNBC is more of an ideological war rather than a chaotic media war (Schudson, 2002). What this means is that the two media platforms refuse to agree on the same lev el with it comes to most aspects of political and editorial contents. The height of the war or rivalry was however experienced in the build up to the 2012 General Elections between Democrat Barack Obama and Republican Mitt Romney. Between Fox News and MSNBC, Robbins (2012) sees what was a deliberate attempt to take opposing and biased stands that seemed to favor one political divide against the other. The same

Analysis of the Organisation and Leadership of Unilever

Analysis of the Organisation and Leadership of Unilever 1- Introduction This report offers an analysis of the current organisational structure and management approach of the senior management team at Unilever, a multi-national organisation that produces and distributes many well-known consumer products. Recent years have seen the organisation undergo massive transformation, and they have reduced their workforce by some 41% over the last ten years (Unilever, 2010). They are dual-listed in the Netherlands and the UK, but operate as a single-entity with the same board and senior team. This structure offers them flexibility and adaptability across the globe, and also efficiency in production and distribution. It will draw on the theories of eminent scholars such as Taylor (1999) who proposed the theories of increased organisational efficiency by utilising an appropriate management structure, and also highlight how the internal structure of the organisation is influenced by external environment and organisational structure. This report will consider some of t he recent changes and challenges, which have faced Unilever, and provide and analysis of the likely future challenges facing the organisation. 2- Organisational History Unilever is one of the largest businesses in the world, with an annual turnover of nearly  £40 billion and in excess of 179,000 employees globally (Unilever, 2010). It was formed in 1930 as the amalgamation of the UK soap company Lever Brothers, and the Dutch margarine company Margarine Unie. The main driver for the merger was collaboration, as both companies relied heavily on palm oil as a major ingredient for their products and by sharing resources they were able to import and distribute to their factories far more cost effectively (Unilever, 2010). Indeed, palm oil remains a major ingredient for many products toady, and their continued commitment to sustainability and efficient distribution is one of Unilevers core corporate strategies (Dhillion, 2007). The growth of Unilever has been characterised by mergers and strategic acquisitions, not all of which have been friendly (Polsson, 2008), and their brand portfolio exceeds 400 and includes a wide range of consumer goods, ranging from foods and beverages to personal care products and cleaning products. They are listed on both the UK FTSE 100 and the Dutch equivalent the AXE, and they have 13 brands which generate revenue of over à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1 billion per year. The portfolio includes such well-known brand names as Walls, Ben and Jerrys, Dove, Lipton and Flora, and as can be seen from the few names mentioned, they are both diverse and equally powerful brands and market niches. They are also the largest ice-cream manufacturer in the world, controlling some 73% of the worlds ice cream production and generating revenue of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬5 billion per year alone from ice cream sales in Europe. Unilever have been able to make sales particularly profitable and efficient through centralisat ion of their brand under the heart logo, meaning that they were able to manufacture and distribute under the same brand across Europe with minimum customisation for local regions (Unilever, 2010). Unilever has also built strong links with its subsidiary businesses around the world for its teas and coffees, as much of the raw material required for food stuffs is sourced from African and Latin American countries, such as cocoa, vanilla, palm oil and coffee beans. To reach the size and level of diversity that they now control, Unilever have sought to acquire a further brand or manufacturing interest at the rate of approximately one per year for the last ten years. Such significant activity in terms of corporate diversity and consolidation makes for an interesting topic of study. (Full timeline of activities available in appendix 1). 3- Organisational Structure Considering the size and scope of the organisation it is understandable that they must operate within a defined framework, and as noted by Cummings and Worley (2005:136-138) the sheer size of the company can expose them to the risk of paralysis and stagnation as they are too large to respond flexibly to external challenges. Therefore Unilever have explicitly set out to create a management structure, which is capable of making faster decisions and responding more flexibly to external stimulus. Accordingly Unilever has created a four-tier hierarchical structure, which helps to funnel information into the business, and allows the senior team to make appropriate decisions based on available data (Unilever, 2010b). The structure of the executive team is set out in the diagram below:- Figure 1:- Corporate Structure of Unilever, adapted from Unilever (2010b) According to Unilever, they believe that this structure gives them suitable balance between corporate governance and organisational flexibility. Each level within the hierarchy serves a different function allowing the other levels of the organisation to concentrate on their core roles. Therefore the two executive directors; Paul Polman (Chief Executive Officer) and Jean-Marc Huà «t (Chief Financial Officer) serve as figureheads for the company. Their leadership styles and approaches will be discussed in more depth below. The ten non-executive directors serve as the independent element in Unilevers governance (Unilever, 2010a) and are drawn from a wide range of backgrounds all having huge experience and expertise in their respective areas. They are both internal and external to the organisation to help provide check and balance in their operational views and it is interesting to note that the board is very rare in having such a relatively high proportion of female NEDs at 30% (Black, 2003:236-238). The Unilever Executive (UEx) is responsible for managing profit and loss, and delivering growth across our regions, categories and functions (Unilever, 2010a). It comprises ten operational and executive directors all of whom have exceptional qualifications and experience in the fields of science, technology and business. Unilever has also taken care to ensure that the full cross-section of their multi-disciplinary functions and multi-national breadth are represented on the board, with several nationalities being represented. Finally, the three senior corporate officers are responsible for ensuring that the board of Unilever (both executive and non-executive) have all the necessary information to make prudent and timely corporate decisions on both an operational and strategic basis. The senior corporate officers are tasked with ensuring that the structure and framework of Unilever is returning suitable management information on which to base critical decisions (Unilever, 2010a). 4- Organisational Culture Organisational Culture has been defined as the specific collection of values and norms that are shared by people and groups in an organization and that control the way they interact with each other and with stakeholders outside the organization, (Hill and Jones, 2001:27). This definition also helps us to understand the values of the organisation and how they seek to lead and develop their business. Organisational culture is complex, and can be influenced by a huge variety of factors as noted by Hofstede (1980) who identified the influenced and effects of multi-cultural workforces within multi-national environments. He proposed a theory of cultural dimensions which he used to help explain how multi-cultural influences act upon an organisation with regard to strategic application as discussed by De Wit and Meyer; Hofstedes (1993) theory of cultural dimensions implies that although not all the individuals within a countrys population will have exactly the same characteristics, the cultural dimensions will colour the institutional and administrative arrangements that are made within the country, and will set the norms for behaviour. Hofstede, G. (1993) Cultural constraints in management theories, in De Wit, B. and Meyer, R. (2004) Strategy Process, Content, Context, 3rd Edition, Thomson, London pp206. This is strongly evidenced at Unilever where the culture of the organisation is derived from its own multi-national background. This has influenced the process of strategic decision making at Unilever under the systemic approach advocated by Whittington in his work What is strategy and does it matter? (2000). Whittington proposed that organisations in the same circumstances as Unilever would do well to adopt what he described as a systemic approach. In this model the organisation should seek to create a hybrid of processual or delineated strategy on the basis of organisational objective, but that the approach should be tailored or tempered by a respect for cultural differences. Whittington observed that organisational culture is governed by the social structures created by management level, social class and interest groups, and that trying to cut across these groups in certain localised areas was likely to create excessive tension and achieve very little (Whittington, 2000:185-189). It is therefore interesting to observe the influence and effect of Paul Polman as the first external candidate to take the role the Chief Executive Officer. Paul is a Dutch national and has held the role since October 2008. His background and experience in the commercial goods and manufacturing sectors make him an ideal candidate for the role, as he is both financially astute and commercially aware. From the analysis of the company and its operating ethos and mission it can also be implied that his management style is European-influenced and therefore likely to be reflective of an inclusive culture and style in that it is both democratic and laissez-faire (Morgeson, 2005:497-508). Alternatively under the Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum (1957) it can be suggested that Paul Polman allows freedom of his subordinates to pursue suitable corporate strategies on the basis of their capability and the application of democratic decision-making. Paul Polman succeeded Patrick Cescau as the Chief Executive Officer of Unilever. Patrick Cescau was the former CEO of Unilever and the first group CEO for the company. He is a French national with numerous accreditations to his name and an extremely successful history at Unilever. As reported in the Telegraph (2008), Unilever searched long and hard for a suitable successor to the position and eventually felt that Paul Polman would be a suitable candidate given his own background, capabilities and skills. This was a departure for the Anglo-Dutch company as they had never previously taken an external candidate for the position, preferring to recruit internally. Although Patrick Cescau formally stepped down from his role following his 60th birthday (the main reason for him to leave the post), he has continued to play an active role in corporate life and now serves as a non-executive director to another large multi-national firm. Patrick Cescau was known across the world for his work in regard to sustainability and business growth, and he has proved a hard act to follow (Insead, 2010). 5- Specific Issues It is useful to compare and contrast specific issues at Unilever and the various approaches which the board of directors have taken when addressing these situations, particularly with regard to the work of Patrick Cescau and his approach to corporate sustainability and social responsibility. Indeed he is quoted as having said that There is no dichotomy between doing business well and doing good; and, in fact, the two go hand in hand. (Insead, 2010). Thus, this element will consider some of the current issues facing Unilever and how they will seek to address them. 5.1- Approaches to Corporate Social Responsibility As noted on the corporate website (Unilever, 2010c), Unilever have a strong commitment corporate social responsibility and sustainability and they have adopted a specific and targeted set of measures and key performance indicators to benchmark their own sustainability performance. It is recognised by scholars such as Atkinson et al (2007:66-68) that there is currently no uniform approach to sustainability or any codified measures of best operational practice. This is despite increasingly stringent legislation which seeks to set out minimum performance standards and has been applied on very few occasions save for flagrant breaches which have resulted in catastrophic consequences (Constanza et al, 2007:203-210). Unilever state that their approaches to Corporate Social Responsibility incorporate business benefits as well as ethical principles (Unilever, 2010c). By this they mean that they have continued the work started by Patrick Cescau seeking to align business activity and ethical ac tivity. They have chosen to apply sustainable principles to as many areas of possible in their business on the simple premise that sustainability makes good business sense. Therefore they have engaged some of the most innovative principles in research and development, agriculture, packaging and manufacturing as they believe that sustainability helps [them] win (Unilever, 2010c). The Unilever website offers several examples of successful case studies where sustainability has proved to be of great business benefit amongst both internal and external stakeholders, and the board of Unilever also recognise that this can only be achieve by impeccable business performance and adherence to best principles in their own right. 5.2- Reputation Management and Diversity Contrastingly it is also useful to consider some of the more controversial activities, which have been undertaken by Unilever in their recent history. Unilever have been accused of causing deforestation by campaigners such as Greenpeace because of the use of palm oil, a major ingredient in many products. In consequence Unilever have committed to sourcing all of their palm oil requirements sustainably by 2015 (Unilever, 2010d). This principle has also been applied with regard to their requirements for tea leaves for their Lipton and PG Tips brands (Unilever, 2010c). Unilever recognise that because of their level of consumption of these raw materials and their need to invest in sustainable practices they will need to work closely with bodies such as the Rainforest Alliance to form synergies, which are beneficial to all stakeholders. However Unilever have a strong commitment to positive diversity as evidenced by their localised products and marketing campaigns, which are specifically aimed to meet the needs of consumers at a localised level. This includes specific beauty products for various nations in response to consumer demand. Examples of such positive diversity can be found in Indian advertising for skin creams (Telegraph, 2007). Although there was some adverse reaction to the advertisement it is also recognised that the product met a considerable demand in India and there was also some evident confusion at a localised level as to why the product might not be required. When compared to the Dove brand real beauty campaign which Unilever have managed since 2007 (Dove, 2010) it can be seen that there is a strong demand for localised product management and positive diversity, which Unilever have responded to. This has helped their own reputational and brand management and has enabled them to react rapidly to con sumer demand, which has served to strengthen their corporate and market position. 6- Management and Leadership Approaches at Unilever Netherlands There are several theories, which can be used to help understand the relationship between managers and employees within an organisation. This element of the report will consider three of the main theories put forward by leading academics in the subject, via Taylor (1999) Maslow (1992) and Fayol (1999). Each of these theories addresses a different aspect of the employee management relationship as will be discussed. 6.1- Taylor and Scientific Management Taylor (1999 cited in Matteson and Ivancevich), identified that to achieve maximum efficiency and effectiveness within an organisation it is necessary to synthesize workflows (1999:12-15) to ensure that there is alignment between resource availability and organisational requirements. Taylor suggested that by measuring and monitoring these objectives and setting out clear processes and procedures for employees to follow, it is possible to significantly increase labour productivity and effectiveness. The cornerstone of Taylors theory was centred on adhering to best practice processes to minimise waste and maximise productivity. Taylors theories were developed whilst observing car production plants, and there are close analogies with regard to the production flows of manufacturing in the Unilever plants. As each of the manufacturing plants owned and operated by Unilever produces products and foodstuff, which their consumers will either ingest or use for personal care, the manufacturing must be of the highest standards and quality, with rigorous safety and quality checks at every stage of the process. Unilever have therefore developed and implemented a robust series of controls, which enables them to manage and monitor every part of the production process, and also standardise it across their estate. Such is the level of control exerted by Unilever, that in theory it should be possible to take an employee from a UK manufacturing site and exchange them for an employee from a Dutch manufacturing site, and they should each be capable of performing the necessary roles and functions (Unilever, 2010). Critics of Ta ylors approach such as Daft et al (2010:26), argue that the forced level of direction engendered by the Taylorist approach de-skills and de-motivates employees who effectively become machines who are dehumanised. This is a particularly so on production line, as there is a requirement for absolute conformity as opposed to creativity and individualism. It is a perpetual challenge for Unilever to maintain the interest and enthusiasm of employees who perform repetitive jobs such as those that will be required for a significant proportion of the Unilever workforce. This is something, which was acknowledged and addressed by Maslow (1999, cited in Strage), who noted that employees require more than simple fiscal reward to remain motivated. This has been noted and observed by the management team at Unilever, and when their management approach and corporate culture is applied to the Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum, as cited in Matteson and Ivancevich, (1999), it can be seen that although so me level of authority must be applied to ensure consistency of process, many of the Unilever employees have a far greater level of freedom and creativity to offer innovative suggestions for product and process improvement. 6.2- Maslow and the Hierarchy of Needs In contrast to Taylor, the Maslow school of thought discusses tools and techniques to help managers to motivate and empower employees to perform to the best of their ability. Maslow (1999, cited in Strage) discusses the hierarchy of needs model, whereby he identified that it was not simply money that motivated employees to work, but many other factors contributed to the desire of employees to perform to the best of their ability. The diagram below outlines what Maslow has identified, in that as each level of need is satisfied, the individual moves up the pyramid to satisfy the next need in the ranking. Figure 1: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (1999). As Maslows theory suggests, once the basic needs of financial reward for work have been satisfied sufficient to meet the demands of paying bills, then an employee looks for other motivations to come to work, such as feeling valued by their employer, and having their work and achievements recognised. It would seem given that there have been no recent publicised disputes between employees and leaders at Unilever that employees are satisfied with the both the pay and recognition which they receive from the management team. As Maslow noted, once the basic needs have been satisfied, the need to be accepted and to belong is a powerful human motivator. This is closely linked with reward and recognition for work that has been done well or is particularly innovative. Some theorists such as Hackman and Wageman (2005:269) refer to this as celebrating success. They suggest that if major achievements which have been made possible by the co-operative work of the team are celebrated and recognised, this will go on to motivate and encourage employees to continue to perform. Unilever have recently won awards for innovation and environmental achievement (Unilever, 2010), which they were keen to share with the rest of the business, as the entire firm will benefit from such a positive approach (Morden, 1996; McGovern et al, 2008). 6.3- Fayol A third perspective on matters of management and leadership approach is that put forward by Fayol (1999 cited in Matteson and Ivancevich), who similarly to Taylor subscribed to a scientific theory of management. He proposed a general theory of management, suggesting that managers had six primary functions and fourteen further principles of management. In contrast to Taylor, Fayol proposed a far more interactive approach to management techniques, which suggested that process controls were in fact best designed by those people who performed the work every day (ie, the workforce). Fayol argued that if management interacted closely with the workforce and understood their needs and concerns, they would be far better placed to gather feedback about systems and processes and make the necessary efficiency changes. It would seem from the success and growth of Unilever as a multi-national conglomerate that they have been particularly successful and following these principles and instilling a c ollaborative approach which harnesses the power and knowledge of the workforce and uses it to further the growth and development of the business (Fayol, ibid). Examples of this include working with employees to indentify and implement efficiency savings, and also generating a culture of continuous improvement, which builds a self-perpetuating cycle of success (Judge et al, 2002:770-775). When considering these findings in the light of the Blake and Moulton Leadership grid (1964), it can clearly be seen that the leaders at Unilever are at the inclusive and collaborative point on the scale as termed the sound style (previously known as tem style). At this point they have equal concern for both production and people as they recognise that to deliver consistently excellent products they must have committed and motivated employees. According to Blake and Moulton (ibid), this leadership style relies on managers recognising that employees must feel as if they are a highly valued part of the organisation, a theory that is closely aligned with that of Maslow who observed that those employees who produced the best work felt that they were suitably rewarded for their efforts. Moreover, as increasing numbers of organisations recognise the benefits of adopting a collaborative and co-operative approach to achieving organisational excellence, current management theory would indicat e that the days of dictatorial mangers are on the decline (Den Hartog and Koopman cited in Anderson et al, 2002:166-168). This also seems particularly likely given the increasing legislation to prevent employers from bullying their employees and behaving in an inappropriate manner (Miner, 2009). Application of the Hersey and Blanchards situational theory model (1999, cited in Gabriel et al, 1999) further underlines that the Unilever management style is one of participating and delegating as opposed to telling employees what to do. Unilever is characterised by open channels of communication, and there are points which against the Hersey and Blanchard model the leadership style could be regarded as selling, this is more to do with the differing levels of maturity in various parts of the business, and particularly in those parts which have been recently acquired. It is interesting to set the Hersey and Blanchard model against the backdrop of situational leadership, as it seems that the characteristics of Unilever are a mature and confident group of leaders who are happy to delegate tasks and responsibility, and thus leverage the best from their employees (Den Hartog and Koopman, ibid). Remembering that the board of Unilever has been secure and stable for some time, it is of lit tle surprise that they are able to adopt and react flexibly to change. Moreover, their considerable experience of acquisition allows them to rapidly assimilate and absorb new businesses into the estate, and embraces the culture changes, which must necessarily follow (Simons and Billing, 1995; Spillane, 2004). Despite the size of Unilever, it is remarkable that they are able to adapt so readily to change at both an internal and external level, and across global boundaries. In some ways their sheer size has enabled them to cushion themselves from some of the worst effects of the recession, coupled with the fact that their diverse portfolio requires them to be adaptive and flexible to consumer trends a style which is reflected in both their culture and leadership. 7- Recommendations to Enhance Management Practices As can be seen from the preceding discussions, the senior management team at Unilever have faced some serious internal and external challenges, both at a local level and a global level. Some of these challenges are outside of their control, however in order to ensure that they remain one of the leading conglomerates in the world they must adapt and respond flexibly to both internal and external challenges. This section of the report considers some recommendations to continue to improve employee motivation and engagement by enhancing and improving management practices, and also offer suggestions based on relevant theory as to how the necessary changes can be embedded. 7.1- Recommendations for Strategic Change and Effective Management Practices Although there are few current difficulties with employee relationships, it is apparent that some significant changes still need to be made in order to secure the future of Unilever in the current turbulent economic environment. Whilst they are far from bankruptcy, recent years have seen considerable expenditure and challenge for Unilever, which has centred on the considerable number if divestments and acquisitions in order to strengthen and consolidate their global brand portfolio (Morden, 1996:458-496). The theories of Taylor, Maslow and Fayol all offer suggestions as to how to engage with employees in times of significant change and challenge. Application of the Tannenbaum and Schmidt continuum (cited in Matteson and Ivancevich, 1999) indicates that the collaborative style of leadership has helped Unilever in managing and instilling change, and it is clear that under modern management practices that for them to continue to be successful they must continue to engage and motivate em ployees, especially those who are new to the culture of Unilever and have joined them through acquisition (Hassard and Parker, 1993:43-45). Furthermore, Gergen (1995) concurs with Hassard and Parker (ibid), in those organisations, which operate in a post-modernist world, should take care to adopt appropriate management styles and techniques, or get left behind their competitors in a rapidly changing world. Taking all of these factors into consideration, and with reference to all of the theories which have been discussed and applied, it is apparent that there is a self-perpetuating cycle and culture of success which is supporting the leaders at Unilever to behave in a manner which is highly likely to assist them in developing a robust business which is fit to operate in current times. The collaborative and communicative style of the leaders should be upheld and gently moulded in newer acquisitions to one which is collaborative and co-operative in approach, drawing on the theories of Maslow to help motivate and engage employees in such a way that they provide constructive criticism and feedback on how best to help Unilever develop in the current challenging environment. Whilst it is appreciated that management culture and organisational culture is not something that can be changed overnight, as reliance on technology increases and organisations must become more adaptable to survive, it i s likely that the current culture will be fit to see Unilever through into the future. References Atkinson, G., Dietz, S. Neumayer, E. (2007). Handbook of Sustainable Development. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. BBC News. 22 May 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8633455.stm. Retrieved 18th Nov 2010 Blake, R.; Mouton, J. (1964). The Managerial Grid: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co. Black, Richard J. (2003) Organizational Culture: Creating the Influence Needed for Strategic Success, London UK. Cohan, William D., (2009) House of Cards: A Tale of Hubris and Wretched Excess on Wall Street, [a novel]. New York, Doubleday. Costanza, R., Graumlich, L.J. Steffen, W. (eds), (2007). Sustainability or Collapse? 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Dove (2010) Campaign for Real Beauty available online at http://www.dove.us/#/cfrb/ retrieved 13th Dec 2010 Fayol, H. (1999) Planning in M.T. Matteson and J.M. Ivancevich (eds), Management and Organisational Behaviour Classics. 7th ed., London: Irwin, McGraw-Hill, pp.12-15. Gabriel, Y. Fineman, S. Sims, D. (2000) Organizing and Organisations. 2nd Ed. London, Sage. Gergen, K.J. (1995) The Limits of Pure Critique in H.W. Simons, H.W. and Billig, M. (1995) After Postmodernism: Reconstructing Ideology Critique. London, Sage. Greenpeace (2007) Unilever admits toxic dumping: will clean up but not come clean http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/contentlookup.cfm?CFID=6864301CFTOKEN=96874361ucidparam=20010620124942MenuPoint=G-A.Retrieved 9th Nov 2010 Hackman, J. R., Wageman, R. (2005). A Theory of Team Coaching. Academy of Management Review, 30(2), 269-287 Hill, C and Jones, G (2001) Strategic Management. Houghton Mifflin pp 27 Hofstede, G. (1980) Cultures Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications Indian Resource Centre (14th May 2003) Monsanto, Unilever use of Child Labour in India http://www.indiaresource.org/issues/agbiotech/2003/monsantounilever.html retrieved 18th Nov 2010 Insead (2010) Top 50 Alumni Who Changed the World available online at http://50.insead.edu/alumni/patrick-cescau retrieved 13th Dec 2010 Maslow, A.H. (1992) A Theory of Human Motivation, Chapter 10 in Henry M. Strage,1992, Milestones in Management: An Essential Reader. Oxford, Blackwell Business. Miner, J. B. (2009). Organizational Behavior: Behavior 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership. Armonk: M.